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batch-translate

批量处理书籍通过整个流程 - 为分页生成裁剪图像，对所有页面进行OCR识别，然后根据上下文进行翻译。当被要求处理、OCR识别、翻译或批量处理一本或多本书籍时使用。

person作者: jakexiaohubgithub
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Batch Book Translation Workflow

Process books through the complete pipeline: Crop → OCR → Translate

Roadmap Reference

See .claude/ROADMAP.md for the translation priority list.

Priority 1 = UNTRANSLATED - These are highest priority for processing:

  • Kircher encyclopedias (Oedipus, Musurgia, Ars Magna Lucis)
  • Fludd: Utriusque Cosmi Historia
  • Theatrum Chemicum, Musaeum Hermeticum
  • Cardano: De Subtilitate
  • Della Porta: Magia Naturalis
  • Lomazzo, Poliziano, Landino
# Get roadmap with priorities
curl -s "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/books/roadmap" | jq '.books[] | select(.priority == 1) | {title, notes}'

Roadmap source: src/app/api/books/roadmap/route.ts

Overview

This workflow handles the full processing pipeline for historical book scans:

  1. Generate Cropped Images - For split two-page spreads, extract individual pages
  2. OCR - Extract text from page images using Gemini vision
  3. Translate - Translate OCR'd text with prior page context for continuity

API Endpoints

| Endpoint | Purpose | |----------|---------| | GET /api/books | List all books | | GET /api/books/BOOK_ID | Get book with all pages | | POST /api/jobs | Create a processing job | | POST /api/jobs/JOB_ID/process | Process next chunk of a job | | POST /api/process/batch-ocr | OCR up to 5 pages directly | | POST /api/process/batch-translate | Translate up to 10 pages directly |

Batch Processing Options

Option 1: Vercel Cron (Recommended for Bulk)

Two serverless functions automate the entire batch OCR pipeline:

| Endpoint | Purpose | Schedule | |----------|---------|----------| | POST /api/cron/submit-ocr | Creates batch jobs for all pages needing OCR | Daily midnight | | POST /api/cron/batch-processor | Downloads results, saves to DB | Every 6 hours |

# Manual trigger - submit all pending OCR
curl -X POST https://sourcelibrary.org/api/cron/submit-ocr

# Manual trigger - process completed batches
curl -X POST https://sourcelibrary.org/api/cron/batch-processor

Timeline:

  • T+0h: Submit batch jobs
  • T+2-24h: Gemini processing
  • T+24h: Batch processor saves results (runs every 6h)

Critical: Results expire after 48h - batch-processor must run at least once every 48 hours.

See docs/BATCH-OCR-CRON-SETUP.md for full documentation.

Option 2: Job System (for targeted processing)

All batch jobs use Gemini Batch API for 50% cost savings.

| Job Type | API | Model | Cost | |----------|-----|-------|------| | Single page | Realtime | gemini-3-flash-preview | Full price | | batch_ocr | Batch API | gemini-3-flash-preview | 50% off | | batch_translate | Batch API | gemini-3-flash-preview | 50% off |

IMPORTANT: Always use gemini-3-flash-preview for all OCR and translation tasks. Do NOT use gemini-2.5-flash.

See docs/BATCH-PROCESSING.md for full documentation.

How Batch Jobs Work

  1. Create job → use_batch_api: true automatically set
  2. Call /process repeatedly → Each call prepares 20 pages
  3. When all prepared → Submits to Gemini Batch API
  4. Call /process again → Polls for results (ready in 2-24 hours)
  5. When done → Results saved, job complete

OCR Output Format

OCR uses Markdown output with semantic tags:

Markdown Formatting

  • # ## ### for headings (bigger text = bigger heading)
  • **bold**, *italic* for emphasis
  • ->centered text<- for centered lines (NOT for headings)
  • > blockquotes for quotes/prayers
  • --- for dividers
  • Tables only for actual tabular data

Metadata Tags (hidden from readers)

| Tag | Purpose | |-----|---------| | <lang>X</lang> | Detected language | | <page-num>N</page-num> | Page/folio number | | <header>X</header> | Running headers | | <sig>X</sig> | Printer's marks (A2, B1) | | <meta>X</meta> | Hidden metadata | | <warning>X</warning> | Quality issues | | <vocab>X</vocab> | Key terms for indexing |

Inline Annotations (visible to readers)

| Tag | Purpose | |-----|---------| | <margin>X</margin> | Marginal notes (before paragraph) | | <gloss>X</gloss> | Interlinear annotations | | <insert>X</insert> | Boxed text, additions | | <unclear>X</unclear> | Illegible readings | | <note>X</note> | Interpretive notes | | <term>X</term> | Technical vocabulary | | <image-desc>X</image-desc> | Describe illustrations |

Critical OCR Rules

  1. Preserve original spelling, capitalization, punctuation
  2. Page numbers/headers/signatures go in metadata tags only
  3. IGNORE partial text at edges (from facing page in spread)
  4. Describe images/diagrams with <image-desc>, never tables
  5. End with <vocab>key terms, names, concepts</vocab>

Step 1: Analyze Book Status

First, check what work is needed for a book:

# Get book and analyze page status
curl -s "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/books/BOOK_ID" > /tmp/book.json

# Count pages by status (IMPORTANT: check length > 0, not just existence - empty strings are truthy!)
jq '{
  title: .title,
  total_pages: (.pages | length),
  split_pages: [.pages[] | select(.crop)] | length,
  needs_crop: [.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not)] | length,
  has_ocr: [.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0)] | length,
  needs_ocr: [.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0)] | length,
  has_translation: [.pages[] | select((.translation.data // "") | length > 0)] | length,
  needs_translation: [.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0)] | length
}' /tmp/book.json

Detecting Bad OCR

Pages that were OCR'd before cropped images were generated have incorrect OCR (contains both pages of the spread). Detect these:

# Find pages with crop data + OCR but missing cropped_photo at OCR time
# These often contain "two-page" or "spread" in the OCR text
jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.ocr.data) |
  select(.ocr.data | test("two-page|spread"; "i"))] | length' /tmp/book.json

Step 2: Generate Cropped Images

For books with split two-page spreads, generate individual page images:

# Get page IDs needing crops
CROP_IDS=$(jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not) | .id]' /tmp/book.json)

# Create crop job
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/jobs" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d "{
    \"type\": \"generate_cropped_images\",
    \"book_id\": \"BOOK_ID\",
    \"book_title\": \"BOOK_TITLE\",
    \"page_ids\": $CROP_IDS
  }"

Process the job:

# Trigger processing (40 pages per request, auto-continues)
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/jobs/JOB_ID/process"

Step 3: OCR Pages

Option A: Using Job System (for large batches)

# Get page IDs needing OCR (check for empty strings, not just null)
OCR_IDS=$(jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0) | .id]' /tmp/book.json)

# Create OCR job
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/jobs" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d "{
    \"type\": \"batch_ocr\",
    \"book_id\": \"BOOK_ID\",
    \"book_title\": \"BOOK_TITLE\",
    \"model\": \"gemini-3-flash-preview\",
    \"language\": \"Latin\",
    \"page_ids\": $OCR_IDS
  }"

Option B: Using Batch API Directly (for small batches or overwrites)

# OCR with overwrite (for fixing bad OCR)
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/process/batch-ocr" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "pages": [
      {"pageId": "PAGE_ID_1", "imageUrl": "", "pageNumber": 0},
      {"pageId": "PAGE_ID_2", "imageUrl": "", "pageNumber": 0}
    ],
    "language": "Latin",
    "model": "gemini-3-flash-preview",
    "overwrite": true
  }'

The batch-ocr API automatically uses cropped_photo when available.

Step 4: Translate Pages

Option A: Using Job System

# Get page IDs needing translation (must have OCR content, check for empty strings)
TRANS_IDS=$(jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0) | .id]' /tmp/book.json)

# Create translation job
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/jobs" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d "{
    \"type\": \"batch_translate\",
    \"book_id\": \"BOOK_ID\",
    \"book_title\": \"BOOK_TITLE\",
    \"model\": \"gemini-3-flash-preview\",
    \"language\": \"Latin\",
    \"page_ids\": $TRANS_IDS
  }"

Option B: Using Batch API with Context

For better continuity, translate with previous page context:

# Get pages sorted by page number with OCR text (check for empty strings)
PAGES=$(jq '[.pages | sort_by(.page_number) | .[] |
  select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0) |
  {pageId: .id, ocrText: .ocr.data, pageNumber: .page_number}]' /tmp/book.json)

# Translate with context (process in batches of 5-10)
curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/process/batch-translate" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d "{
    \"pages\": $BATCH,
    \"model\": \"gemini-3-flash-preview\",
    \"sourceLanguage\": \"Latin\",
    \"targetLanguage\": \"English\",
    \"previousContext\": \"PREVIOUS_PAGE_TRANSLATION_TEXT\"
  }"

Complete Book Processing Script

Process a single book through the full pipeline:

#!/bin/bash
BOOK_ID="YOUR_BOOK_ID"
MODEL="gemini-3-flash-preview"
BASE_URL="https://sourcelibrary.org"

# 1. Fetch book data
echo "Fetching book..."
BOOK=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
TITLE=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq -r '.title[0:40]')
echo "Processing: $TITLE"

# 2. Generate missing crops
NEEDS_CROP=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not)] | length')
if [ "$NEEDS_CROP" != "0" ]; then
  echo "Generating $NEEDS_CROP cropped images..."
  CROP_IDS=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not) | .id]')
  JOB=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/jobs" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d "{\"type\":\"generate_cropped_images\",\"book_id\":\"$BOOK_ID\",\"page_ids\":$CROP_IDS}")
  JOB_ID=$(echo "$JOB" | jq -r '.job.id')

  while true; do
    RESULT=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/jobs/$JOB_ID/process")
    [ "$(echo "$RESULT" | jq -r '.done')" = "true" ] && break
    sleep 2
  done
  echo "Crops complete!"
  BOOK=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
fi

# 3. OCR missing pages (check for empty strings, not just null)
NEEDS_OCR=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')
if [ "$NEEDS_OCR" != "0" ]; then
  echo "OCRing $NEEDS_OCR pages..."
  OCR_IDS=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0) | .id]')

  TOTAL=$(echo "$OCR_IDS" | jq 'length')
  for ((i=0; i<TOTAL; i+=5)); do
    BATCH=$(echo "$OCR_IDS" | jq ".[$i:$((i+5))] | [.[] | {pageId: ., imageUrl: \"\", pageNumber: 0}]")
    curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-ocr" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
      -d "{\"pages\":$BATCH,\"model\":\"$MODEL\"}" > /dev/null
    echo -n "."
  done
  echo " OCR complete!"
  BOOK=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
fi

# 4. Translate with context (check for empty strings)
NEEDS_TRANS=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')
if [ "$NEEDS_TRANS" != "0" ]; then
  echo "Translating $NEEDS_TRANS pages..."
  PAGES=$(echo "$BOOK" | jq '[.pages | sort_by(.page_number) | .[] |
    select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0) |
    {pageId: .id, ocrText: .ocr.data, pageNumber: .page_number}]')

  TOTAL=$(echo "$PAGES" | jq 'length')
  PREV_CONTEXT=""

  for ((i=0; i<TOTAL; i+=5)); do
    BATCH=$(echo "$PAGES" | jq ".[$i:$((i+5))]")

    if [ -n "$PREV_CONTEXT" ]; then
      RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-translate" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
        -d "{\"pages\":$BATCH,\"model\":\"$MODEL\",\"previousContext\":$(echo "$PREV_CONTEXT" | jq -Rs .)}")
    else
      RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-translate" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
        -d "{\"pages\":$BATCH,\"model\":\"$MODEL\"}")
    fi

    # Get last translation for context
    LAST_ID=$(echo "$BATCH" | jq -r '.[-1].pageId')
    PREV_CONTEXT=$(echo "$RESP" | jq -r ".translations[\"$LAST_ID\"] // \"\"" | head -c 1500)
    echo -n "."
  done
  echo " Translation complete!"
fi

echo "Book processing complete!"

Fixing Bad OCR

When pages were OCR'd before cropped images existed, they contain text from both pages. Fix with:

# 1. Generate cropped images first (Step 2 above)

# 2. Find pages with bad OCR
BAD_OCR_IDS=$(jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.ocr.data) |
  select(.ocr.data | test("two-page|spread"; "i")) | .id]' /tmp/book.json)

# 3. Re-OCR with overwrite
TOTAL=$(echo "$BAD_OCR_IDS" | jq 'length')
for ((i=0; i<TOTAL; i+=5)); do
  BATCH=$(echo "$BAD_OCR_IDS" | jq ".[$i:$((i+5))] | [.[] | {pageId: ., imageUrl: \"\", pageNumber: 0}]")
  curl -s -X POST "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/process/batch-ocr" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d "{\"pages\":$BATCH,\"model\":\"gemini-3-flash-preview\",\"overwrite\":true}"
done

Processing All Books

Optimized Batch Script (Tier 1)

This script processes all books with proper rate limiting:

#!/bin/bash
# Optimized for Tier 1 (300 RPM) - adjust SLEEP_TIME for other tiers

BASE_URL="https://sourcelibrary.org"
# IMPORTANT: Always use gemini-3-flash-preview, NOT gemini-2.5-flash
MODEL="gemini-3-flash-preview"
BATCH_SIZE=5
SLEEP_TIME=0.4  # Tier 1: 0.4s, Tier 2: 0.12s, Tier 3: 0.06s

process_book() {
  BOOK_ID="$1"
  BOOK_DATA=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
  TITLE=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq -r '.title[0:30]')

  # Check what's needed (IMPORTANT: empty string detection)
  NEEDS_CROP=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not)] | length')
  NEEDS_OCR=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')
  NEEDS_TRANSLATE=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')

  if [ "$NEEDS_CROP" = "0" ] && [ "$NEEDS_OCR" = "0" ] && [ "$NEEDS_TRANSLATE" = "0" ]; then
    echo "SKIP: $TITLE"
    return
  fi

  echo "START: $TITLE [crop:$NEEDS_CROP ocr:$NEEDS_OCR trans:$NEEDS_TRANSLATE]"

  # Step 1: Crops
  if [ "$NEEDS_CROP" != "0" ]; then
    CROP_IDS=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select(.crop) | select(.cropped_photo | not) | .id]')
    JOB_RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/jobs" \
      -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
      -d "{\"type\": \"generate_cropped_images\", \"book_id\": \"$BOOK_ID\", \"page_ids\": $CROP_IDS}")
    JOB_ID=$(echo "$JOB_RESP" | jq -r '.job.id')

    if [ "$JOB_ID" != "null" ]; then
      while true; do
        RESULT=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/jobs/$JOB_ID/process")
        [ "$(echo "$RESULT" | jq -r '.done')" = "true" ] && break
        sleep 1
      done
    fi
    BOOK_DATA=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
  fi

  # Step 2: OCR
  NEEDS_OCR=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')
  if [ "$NEEDS_OCR" != "0" ]; then
    OCR_IDS=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0) | .id]')
    TOTAL_OCR=$(echo "$OCR_IDS" | jq 'length')

    for ((i=0; i<TOTAL_OCR; i+=BATCH_SIZE)); do
      BATCH=$(echo "$OCR_IDS" | jq ".[$i:$((i+BATCH_SIZE))]")
      PAGES=$(echo "$BATCH" | jq '[.[] | {pageId: ., imageUrl: "", pageNumber: 0}]')

      RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-ocr" \
        -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
        -d "{\"pages\": $PAGES, \"model\": \"$MODEL\"}")

      if echo "$RESP" | grep -q "429\|rate"; then
        echo "RATE_LIMIT: $TITLE - backing off 10s"
        sleep 10
        i=$((i-BATCH_SIZE))  # Retry this batch
      fi
      sleep $SLEEP_TIME
    done
    echo "OCR_DONE: $TITLE"
    BOOK_DATA=$(curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books/$BOOK_ID")
  fi

  # Step 3: Translate with context
  NEEDS_TRANSLATE=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0)] | length')
  if [ "$NEEDS_TRANSLATE" != "0" ]; then
    TRANSLATE_PAGES=$(echo "$BOOK_DATA" | jq '[.pages | sort_by(.page_number) | .[] | select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) | select((.translation.data // "") | length == 0) | {pageId: .id, ocrText: .ocr.data, pageNumber: .page_number}]')
    TOTAL_TRANS=$(echo "$TRANSLATE_PAGES" | jq 'length')
    PREV_CONTEXT=""

    for ((i=0; i<TOTAL_TRANS; i+=BATCH_SIZE)); do
      BATCH=$(echo "$TRANSLATE_PAGES" | jq ".[$i:$((i+BATCH_SIZE))]")

      if [ -n "$PREV_CONTEXT" ]; then
        RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-translate" \
          -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
          -d "{\"pages\": $BATCH, \"model\": \"$MODEL\", \"previousContext\": \"$PREV_CONTEXT\"}")
      else
        RESP=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/process/batch-translate" \
          -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
          -d "{\"pages\": $BATCH, \"model\": \"$MODEL\"}")
      fi

      if echo "$RESP" | grep -q "429\|rate"; then
        echo "RATE_LIMIT: $TITLE - backing off 10s"
        sleep 10
        i=$((i-BATCH_SIZE))  # Retry this batch
      else
        LAST_ID=$(echo "$BATCH" | jq -r '.[-1].pageId')
        PREV_CONTEXT=$(echo "$RESP" | jq -r ".translations[\"$LAST_ID\"] // \"\"" | head -c 1500)
      fi
      sleep $SLEEP_TIME
    done
    echo "TRANS_DONE: $TITLE"
  fi

  echo "COMPLETE: $TITLE"
}

export -f process_book
export BASE_URL MODEL BATCH_SIZE SLEEP_TIME

echo "=== BATCH PROCESSING ==="
echo "Batch: $BATCH_SIZE | Sleep: ${SLEEP_TIME}s"

curl -s "$BASE_URL/api/books" | jq -r '.[] | .id' > /tmp/book_ids.txt
TOTAL=$(wc -l < /tmp/book_ids.txt | tr -d ' ')
echo "Processing $TOTAL books..."

cat /tmp/book_ids.txt | xargs -P 1 -I {} bash -c 'process_book "$@"' _ {}

echo "=== ALL DONE ==="

Running the Script

# Save to file and run
chmod +x batch_process.sh
./batch_process.sh 2>&1 | tee batch.log

# Or run in background
nohup ./batch_process.sh > batch.log 2>&1 &

Monitoring Progress

Check overall library status:

curl -s "https://sourcelibrary.org/api/books" | jq '[.[] | {
  title: .title[0:30],
  pages: .pages_count,
  ocr: .ocr_count,
  translated: .translation_count
}] | sort_by(-.pages)'

Troubleshooting

Empty Strings vs Null (CRITICAL)

In jq, empty strings "" are truthy! This means:

  • select(.ocr.data) matches pages with "" (WRONG)
  • select(.ocr.data | not) does NOT match pages with "" (WRONG)
  • Use select((.ocr.data // "") | length == 0) to find missing/empty OCR
  • Use select((.ocr.data // "") | length > 0) to find pages WITH OCR content

Rate Limits (429 errors)

Gemini API Tiers

| Tier | RPM | How to Qualify | |------|-----|----------------| | Free | 15 | Default | | Tier 1 | 300 | Enable billing + $50 spend | | Tier 2 | 1000 | $250 spend | | Tier 3 | 2000 | $1000 spend |

Optimal Sleep Times by Tier

| Tier | Max RPM | Safe Sleep Time | Effective Rate | |------|---------|-----------------|----------------| | Free | 15 | 4.0s | ~15/min | | Tier 1 | 300 | 0.4s | ~150/min | | Tier 2 | 1000 | 0.12s | ~500/min | | Tier 3 | 2000 | 0.06s | ~1000/min |

Note: Use ~50% of max rate to leave headroom for bursts.

API Key Rotation

The system supports multiple API keys for higher throughput:

  • Set GEMINI_API_KEY (primary)
  • Set GEMINI_API_KEY_2, GEMINI_API_KEY_3, ... up to GEMINI_API_KEY_10
  • Keys rotate automatically with 60s cooldown after rate limit

With N keys at Tier 1, you get N × 300 RPM = N × 150 safe req/min

Function Timeouts

  • Jobs have maxDuration=300s for Vercel Pro
  • If hitting timeouts, reduce CROP_CHUNK_SIZE in job processing

Missing Cropped Photos

  • Check if crop job completed successfully
  • Verify page has crop data with xStart and xEnd
  • Re-run crop generation for specific pages

Bad OCR Detection

Look for these patterns in OCR text indicating wrong image was used:

  • "two-page spread"
  • "left page" / "right page" descriptions
  • Duplicate text blocks
  • References to facing pages